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Urbanization over the past 500 years [13] A global map illustrating the first onset and spread of urban centres around the world, based on. [14]From the development of the earliest cities in Indus valley civilization, Mesopotamia and Egypt until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the vast majority of the population who were engaged in subsistence agriculture in a rural context ...
The United States Census Bureau changed its classification and definition of urban areas in 1950 and again in 1990, and caution is thus advised when comparing urban data from different time periods. [2] [3] Urbanization was fastest in the Northeastern United States, which acquired an urban majority by 1880. [2]
As a consequence of the movement of households and businesses away from city centers, low-density, peripheral urban areas grow. [2] Proponents of curbing suburbanization argue that sprawl leads to urban decay and a concentration of lower-income residents in the inner city, [3] in addition to environmental harm.
In all urban areas there are numerous impacts on the environment such as air pollution, water pollution, etc. Excessive urbanization creates risks (fragilization of soils, pollution, plundering of natural resources) [6] Urbanization is one of the causes of the erosion of biodiversity. It is also one of the main causes of species extinction. [7]
Urban history is a field of history that examines the historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of urbanization.The approach is often multidisciplinary, crossing boundaries into fields like social history, architectural history, urban sociology, urban geography, business history, and archaeology.
Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. [1] [2] [3] It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and urban sociology, an academic field which studies urban life. [4] [5]
Urbanization intensifies diverse stressors spatiotemporally such that they can act in concert to cause rapid evolutionary consequences such as extinction, maladaptation, or adaptation. [7] Three factors have come to the forefront as the main evolutionary influencers in urban areas: the urban microclimate , pollution , and urban habitat ...
In 1998, 32.52% of Pakistani lived in Urban areas and has risen to 36.38% in 2017. In the 2017 census , the Urbanization trend has increased in all administrative divisions of Pakistan except Islamabad Capital Territory, where it witnessed a sharp decline in Islamabad Capital Territory.In 1998, 65.72% of the population in Islamabad lived in urban areas and this dropped to 50.58% in 2017.