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  2. Discrete logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm

    Other base-10 logarithms in the real numbers are not instances of the discrete logarithm problem, because they involve non-integer exponents. For example, the equation log 10 53 = 1.724276… means that 10 1.724276… = 53. While integer exponents can be defined in any group using products and inverses, arbitrary real exponents, such as this 1. ...

  3. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. [1] The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, log e x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x.

  4. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    The identities of logarithms can be used to approximate large numbers. Note that log b (a) + log b (c) = log b (ac), where a, b, and c are arbitrary constants. Suppose that one wants to approximate the 44th Mersenne prime, 2 32,582,657 −1. To get the base-10 logarithm, we would multiply 32,582,657 by log 10 (2), getting 9,808,357.09543 ...

  5. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    In mathematics, the logarithm to base b is the inverse function of exponentiation with base b. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 10 3, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log 10 (1000) = 3.

  6. Exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

    Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. . The exponential of a variable ⁠ ⁠ is denoted ⁠ ⁡ ⁠ or ⁠ ⁠, with the two notations used interchangeab

  7. Logarithmic derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_derivative

    Many properties of the real logarithm also apply to the logarithmic derivative, even when the function does not take values in the positive reals. For example, since the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors, we have (⁡) ′ = (⁡ + ⁡) ′ = (⁡) ′ + (⁡) ′.

  8. List of unsolved problems in mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.

  9. Logarithm of a matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm_of_a_matrix

    The exponential of a matrix A is defined by =!. Given a matrix B, another matrix A is said to be a matrix logarithm of B if e A = B.. Because the exponential function is not bijective for complex numbers (e.g. = =), numbers can have multiple complex logarithms, and as a consequence of this, some matrices may have more than one logarithm, as explained below.