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Medical Necessity: Health Care Access and the Politics of Decision Making by Daniel Skinner, a book published by the University of Minnesota Press (2019). Charles Martin, "Medical Use of Cannabis in Australia: 'Medical necessity' defences under current Australian law and avenues for reform" (2014) 21(4) Journal of Law and Medicine 875.
[1] [2] [3] Certificates of need are necessary for the construction of medical facilities in 35 states and are issued by state health care agencies: The certificate-of-need requirement was originally based on state law. New York passed the first certificate-of-need law in 1964, the Metcalf–McCloskey Act.
Physician's News Digest article on Certificates of Medical Necessity; Statutory definition of a CMN at the SSA website; Medicare manual that provides exhaustive information about the practical use of CMNs, particularly section 5.3. This is the official source of information for contractors administering the Medicare system about the use of CMNs.
And Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis. [66] Both SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor Pete Wilson, however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996. [66]
Utilization management is "a set of techniques used by or on behalf of purchasers of health care benefits to manage health care costs by influencing patient care decision-making through case-by-case assessments of the appropriateness of care prior to its provision," as defined by the Institute of Medicine [1] Committee on Utilization Management by Third Parties (1989; IOM is now the National ...
When considering necessity in R v Cole (1994) Crim. LR 582 Simon Brown LJ. held that the peril relied on to support the plea of necessity lacked imminence and the degree of directness and immediacy required of the link between the suggested peril and the offence charged. This defendant robbed two building societies in order to repay debts.
A chest radiograph, chest X-ray (CXR), or chest film is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures.