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The easily confused idem (sometimes abbreviated id.), the Latin definitive pronoun meaning "the same" [5] is also used on occasion (especially in legal writing) within footnotes, and is a stand-in for the last-cited author, rather than title. [5] The Latin adverb supra, meaning "above", means simply "see above" and can therefore be somewhat ...
Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning ' in the same place ', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to idem, literally meaning ' the same ', abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal ...
idem is a Latin term meaning "the same". It is commonly abbreviated as id., which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ibid.).
Supra (Latin for "above") is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority. For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in their third footnote could cite this as: "See supra note 3". Or for text in that note: "See supra text accompanying note 3".
ibid. ibidem "in the same place" (book, etc.)" [1] The abbreviation is used in citations. Not to be confused with id. id. idem "the same" (man) [1] It is used to avoid repeating the name of a male author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) When quoting a female author, use the corresponding feminine form, ead. , "the same" (woman). i.a.
The use of ibid., id., or similar abbreviations is discouraged, as they may become broken as new references are added (op. cit. is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms).
id quod plerumque accidit: that which generally happens: Phrase used in legal language to indicate the most probable outcome from an act, fact, event or cause idem (id.) the same: Used to refer to something that has already been cited; ditto. See also ibidem. idem quod (i.q.) the same as: Not to be confused with an intelligence quotient. Idus ...
Id. may be used in rare instances in which the same material is cited twice in the same footnote. Many of the same purposes of supra, infra, hereinafter, and id. may be accomplished with the use of <ref name> and short-form case citations.