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Urobilin or urochrome is the chemical primarily responsible for the yellow color of urine. It is a linear tetrapyrrole compound that, along with the related colorless compound urobilinogen , are degradation products of the cyclic tetrapyrrole heme .
Urobilinogen is a yellow by-product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by the bacterial enzyme bilirubin reductase. [1] About half of the urobilinogen formed is reabsorbed and taken up via the portal vein to the liver, enters circulation and is excreted by the kidney.
Usually urination color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. [11] Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells. [12] [13] Colorless urine indicates over-hydration.
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Blood plasma protein 3.5-5.0 × 10 −2 [1] Aluminum: 1-40 × 10 −8: 1-88 × 10 −8: Selenium : 60–150 ng/mL Aldosterone: Regulates electrolyte balance supine 3-10 × 10 −11: standing, male 6-22 × 10 −11: standing, female 5-30 × 10 −11: Amino acids: Protein building blocks total 3.8-5.3 × 10 −4: nitrogen 4.6-6.8 × 10 −5: 3.0 ...
Over time, when red blood cells need to be replenished, the hemoglobin is broken down in the spleen; it breaks down into two parts: heme group consisting of iron and bile and protein fraction. While protein and iron are utilized to renew red blood cells, pigments that make up the red color in blood are deposited into the bile to form bilirubin ...
About 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts
It is further processed to become the chemical that gives feces its brown color. [1] Bilirubin is a pigment that results from the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin. The liver conjugates bilirubin, making it water-soluble; and the conjugated form is then excreted in urine as urobilinogen and in the feces as stercobilinogen.