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  2. Card reader - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_reader

    A card reader is a data input device that reads data from a card-shaped storage medium and provides the data to a computer. Card readers can acquire data from a card via a number of methods, including: optical scanning of printed text or barcodes or holes on punched cards, electrical signals from connections made or interrupted by a card's punched holes or embedded circuitry, or electronic ...

  3. Optical mark recognition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition

    Punch cards were created in 1890 and were used as input devices for computers. The use of punch cards declined greatly in the early 1970s with the introduction of personal computers. [8] With modern OMR, where the presence of a pencil filled in bubble is recognized, the recognition is done via an optical scanner.

  4. Chip Authentication Program - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Authentication_Program

    The response displayed by a CAP reader essentially consists of the various parts of the card's response (Application Transaction Counter, MAC, etc.) which is then reduced to specific bits as determined by the Issuer Authentication Indicator (IAI) record stored in the card (this is set on a per-issuer basis, although should an issuer desire, it ...

  5. Answer to reset - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_to_reset

    An Answer To Reset (ATR) is a message output by a contact Smart Card conforming to ISO/IEC 7816 standards, following electrical reset of the card's chip by a card reader. The ATR conveys information about the communication parameters proposed by the card, and the card's nature and state.

  6. CCID (protocol) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCID_(protocol)

    CCID (chip card interface device) protocol is a USB protocol that allows a smartcard to be connected to a computer via a card reader using a standard USB interface, without the need for each manufacturer of smartcards to provide its own reader or protocol. [1]

  7. Computer programming in the punched card era - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming_in...

    A single program deck, with individual subroutines marked. The markings show the effects of editing, as cards are replaced or reordered. Many early programming languages, including FORTRAN, COBOL and the various IBM assembler languages, used only the first 72 columns of a card – a tradition that traces back to the IBM 711 card reader used on the IBM 704/709/7090/7094 series (especially the ...