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WIM systems can employ various types of sensors for measurement. The earliest WIM systems, still used in a minority of installations, use an instrumented existing bridge as the weighing platform. [38] [39] Bending plates span a void cut into the pavement and use the flexure as the wheel passes over as a measure of weight. Load cells use strain ...
There are weight detecting devices in the roadway itself. A driver may get a red light. On these occasions, the truck must pull into the weigh station for the normal weigh-in procedure. The most common reason a truck is "redlighted" is a weight problem, or a random check.
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For dynamic track scales with force sensors, several force sensors are drilled and pressed into the track. When a train passes over the scales at up to 30 km/h, the rail is deformed by the mass of the vehicle (deformation). The change in material stress deforms the sensor, in which strain gauges are mounted as in a classic load cell.
A strain gauge sensor measures the deformation of the elastic element, and the output of the sensor is converted by an electronic circuit to a signal that represents the load. Capacitive strain gauges measure the deformation of the elastic material using the change in capacitance of two plates as the plates move closer to each other.
A Fast Falling Weight Deflectometer (FFWD) is a FWD with pneumatic or electric actuators rather than hydraulic, making the mechanics several times faster. A Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD) is a falling weight deflectometer that has higher loads (typically 300 kN to 600 kN), used primarily for testing airport pavements.
A weigh belt. This is typically mounted on a weight transducer which can typically be a strain-gauge load cell or a servo-balance (also known as a force-balance), or sometimes known as a split-beam. Some older machines may pause the weigh bed belt before taking the weight measurement. This may limit line speed and throughput.
A measuring cup, a common instrument used to measure volume. Buoyant weight (solids) Eudiometer, pneumatic trough (gases) Flow measurement devices (liquids) Graduated cylinder (liquids) Measuring cup (grained solids, liquids) Overflow trough (solids) Pipette (liquids) If the mass density of a solid is known, weighing allows to calculate the volume.