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A file system relies on data structures about the files, as opposed to the contents of that file. The former are called metadata—data that describes data. Each file is associated with an inode, which is identified by an integer, often referred to as an i-number or inode number.
They are notably used by the NFS server of the Interix POSIX subsystem in order to implement Unix-like permissions. The Windows Subsystem for Linux added in the Windows 10 Anniversary Update uses them for similar purposes, storing the Linux file mode, owner, device ID (if applicable), and file times in the extended attributes. [27]
Common file attributes supported by Oracle Solaris and illumos systems Attribute Compact flag for ls & chmod Semantics and rationale appendonly: a: Writing to file only allowed in append mode. immutable: i: Prevents any change to file's contents or metadata (except access time): file/directory cannot be written to, deleted, or renamed. nodump: d
The AppImage project, which aims to create portable Linux applications, uses Squashfs for creating AppImages. The snap package system also uses Squashfs as its file container format. Squashfs is also used by Linux Terminal Server Project and Splashtop. The tools unsquashfs and mksquashfs have been ported to Windows NT [4] – Windows 8.1.
ext4 (fourth extended filesystem) is a journaling file system for Linux, developed as the successor to ext3.. ext4 was initially a series of backward-compatible extensions to ext3, many of them originally developed by Cluster File Systems for the Lustre file system between 2003 and 2006, meant to extend storage limits and add other performance improvements. [4]
Most file systems include attributes of files and directories that control the ability of users to read, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system. In some cases, menu options or functions may be made visible or hidden depending on a user's permission level; this kind of user interface is referred to as permission-driven.
Another alternative is a container file, which stores additional data within a given file format, or an archive file, which allows storing several files and metadata within a file (within a single fork). This requires that programs process the container file or archive file, rather than the file system handling forks.
Unionfs is a filesystem service for Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD which implements a union mount for other file systems.It allows files and directories of separate file systems, known as branches, to be transparently overlaid, forming a single coherent file system.