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The Doughnut, or Doughnut economics, is a visual framework for sustainable development – shaped like a doughnut or lifebelt – combining the concept of planetary boundaries with the complementary concept of social boundaries. [1] The name derives from the shape of the diagram, i.e. a disc with a hole in the middle.
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In the former Eastern Bloc countries, the public sector in 1989 accounted for between 70% and over 90% of total employment. [5] In China a full 78.3% of the urban labor force were employed in the public sector by 1978, the year the Chinese economic reform was launched, after which the rates dropped.
The hole or inner ring of the doughnut represents the space where those who lack the minimum requirement for leading a good life, reside. These minimum requirements are based on the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs). [3] The outer ring of the doughnut "represents the ecological ceiling drawn up by earth-system scientists".
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One early example is Reynolds's Political Map of the United States from 1856. This map was designed to exhibit the comparative area of the free and slave states and the territory open to slavery or freedom by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. [11] "Our national chart", a supplement to the Cincinnati Weekly Times, 1866.
A basic version of the Sector model. The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt. [1] It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth.
Florence Nightingale, who used statistical graphics to persuade the British Government to improve army hygiene, [6] John Snow who plotted deaths from cholera in London in 1854 to detect the source of the disease, [7] and; Charles Joseph Minard who designed a large portfolio of maps of which the one depicting Napoleon's campaign in Russia is the ...