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Bulk temperature. In thermofluids dynamics, the bulk temperature, or the average bulk temperature in the thermal fluid, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and ducts. The concept of the bulk temperature is that adiabatic mixing of ...
Taking water with a bulk fluid average temperature of 20 °C (68 °F), viscosity 10.07 × 10 −4 Pa.s and a heat transfer surface temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) (viscosity 6.96 × 10 −4 Pa.s, a viscosity correction factor for (/) can be obtained as 1.45.
Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow).
In simple cases, the speed of the flow /, where is the difference in surface tension and is the viscosity of the liquid. Water has a surface tension of around 0.07 N/m, and a viscosity of approximately 10 −3 Pa s, at room temperature. So even variations of a few percent in the surface tension of water can generate Marangoni flows of almost 1 m/s.
The van der Waals equation, named for its originator, the Dutch physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, is an equation of state that extends the ideal gas law to include the non-zero size of gas molecules and the interactions between them (both of which depend on the specific substance). As a result the equation is able to model the phase ...
Newton's law of cooling. In the study of heat transfer, Newton's law of cooling is a physical law which states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its environment. The law is frequently qualified to include the condition that the temperature difference is small ...
The rate of dissipation by friction of kinetic energy of localised bulk flow into internal energy, [65] [66] [67] whether in turbulent or in streamlined flow, is an important quantity in non-equilibrium thermodynamics. This is a serious difficulty for attempts to define entropy for time-varying spatially inhomogeneous systems.
Supercritical ethane, fluid. [1] In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas ...