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A microbiome (from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós) 'small' and βίος (bíos) 'life') is the community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat. It was defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps et al. as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has ...
Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. [ 1 ][ 2 ] The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. [ 3 ][ 4 ] The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. [ 5 ]
The term guild is a broad term to describe the relationship between different species using the same resource. Since it is difficult to classify a guild it can be broken down into two more specific categories, alpha guilds and beta guilds. Alpha guild is specifically related to species that share a resource used within the same community. [10]
Flavonoid. Molecular structure of the flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) Isoflavan structure. Neoflavonoids structure. Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word flavus, meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. [1]
Microbiota are the range of microorganisms that may be commensal, mutualistic, or pathogenic found in and on all multicellular organisms, including plants. Microbiota include bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and viruses, [2][3] and have been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal, and metabolic homeostasis of their host.
Graphic depicting the human skin microbiota, with relative prevalences of various classes of bacteria. The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, [1] including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung ...
Metagenomics allows researchers to access the functional and metabolic diversity of microbial communities, but it cannot show which of these processes are active. [59] The extraction and analysis of metagenomic mRNA (the metatranscriptome ) provides information on the regulation and expression profiles of complex communities.
Mutualism in microbial ecology is a relationship between microbial species and humans that allows for both sides to benefit. [31] One such example would be syntrophy, also known as cross-feeding, [30] of which 'Methanobacterium omelianskii ' is a classical example. [32] [33] This consortium is formed by an ethanol fermenting organism and a ...