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Stamped concrete in various patterns, highlighted with acid stain. Decorative concrete is the use of concrete as not simply a utilitarian medium for construction but as an aesthetic enhancement to a structure, while still serving its function as an integral part of the building itself such as floors, walls, driveways, and patios.
Concrete manufacturers started experimenting with modern decorative concrete techniques as early as the 1890s. [4] In the 1950s, Brad Bowman—considered the "father" of modern concrete stamping—began developing and patenting new techniques for producing concrete that resembled non-concrete materials, such as flagstone and wood. [ 4 ]
Bonded terrazzo is applied over a sand-cement mortar underbed which sits on top of a concrete slab. The sand-cement layer allows for variations in the finished concrete slab that it sits on. Monolithic terrazzo is applied directly over an extremely flat and high quality concrete sub-floor. Thin-set terrazzo does not require a concrete sub-floor.
Concrete or cement finished floor is also used for its ability to be treated for different feel and its durability, such as polished concrete. Epoxy resurfacing of concrete flooring is used to update or upgrade concrete floor surfaces in commercial and residential applications – see seamless polymer flooring section below. [citation needed]
Due to its poor tensile strength, stone cannot be used for long spans, so (unlike reinforced concrete), architects and builders must switch modes during design and construction of horizontal and vertical components. MP stone can be used in conjunction with concrete floors, manufactured timber panels, and post-tensioned stone flooring units. [14]
A literature review from 2023 of 31 peer-reviewed articles acknowledged that "there is still no uniformly accepted definition of mental labor in the context of unpaid work," and proposed the ...