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Hydrogels have the remarkable ability to swell in water and aqueous solvents. During the process of swelling, surface instability can occur. This instability depends on the thickness of the hydrogel layers and the surface tension. [7] A higher surface tension stabilizes the flat surface of the hydrogel, which is the outer-most layer.
The properties of a hydrogel are highly dependent on the type and quantity of its crosslinks, making photopolymerization a popular choice for fine-tuning hydrogels. This technique has seen considerable use in cell and tissue engineering applications due to the ability to inject or mold a precursor solution loaded with cells into a wound site ...
Hydrogels can be used as drug delivery vehicles, for transdermal application, ophthalmic drug delivery, [11] cancer treatment [12] or for wound dressing. [7] [13] As a type of water based formulation, hydrogels are generally less greasy and are easier to be removed than oil-based formulations like organogels. [6]
Nanocomposite hydrogels that are reinforced with carbon-based nanomaterials are mechanically tough and electrically conductive, which make them suitable for use in biomedicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensing, etc. The electrical conductivity property of these hydrogels allows them to mimic the characteristics of nerve, muscle ...
Liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from muscular aches and strains, and arthritis. These are typically formulated from alcohol , acetone , or similar quickly evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds, such as methyl salicylate , benzoin resin , menthol , and capsaicin .
For rubber and biological materials, more sophisticated models are necessary. Such materials may exhibit a non-linear stress–strain behaviour at modest strains, or are elastic up to huge strains. These complex non-linear stress–strain behaviours need to be accommodated by specifically tailored strain-energy density functions.
Turkey at Thanksgiving dinner doesn’t inherently make you sleepy. Other factors like alcohol, carb-heavy side dishes, and large portion sizes are more likely the culprit behind feeling tired ...
Alginate hydrogel is a common biomaterial for bio-fabrication of scaffolds and tissue regeneration. [ 18 ] Covalent bonding of thiol groups to alginate improves in-situ gelling and mucoadhesive properties; the thiolated polymer ( thiomer ) forms disulfide bonds within its polymeric network and with cysteine-rich subdomains of the mucus layer ...