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Civil servants operate according to a set of rules and procedures they must observe. [5] Impartiality is in part attained through the professionalization of the civil service and meritocratic recruitment through competitive examinations. For full-time and professionalized civil servants, public office-holding becomes a 'vocation'. [5]
Van Riper, Paul P. History of the United States Civil Service (1958). Weber J., "Leonard Dupee White and Public Administration", Journal of Management History, Volume 2, Number 2, February 1996, pp. 41–64; White, Leonard D. The Federalists: a Study in Administrative History, 1956. White, Leonard D.
Scholar-official as a concept and social class first appeared during the Warring States period; before that, the Shi and Da Fu were two different classes.During the Western Zhou dynasty, the Duke of Zhou divided the social classes into the king, feudal lords, Da Fu, Shi, ordinary people, and slaves.
A civil service official, also known as a public servant or public employee, is a person employed in the public sector by a government department or agency for public sector undertakings. Civil servants work for central and local governments, and answer to the government, not a political party.
Public Service Motivation (PSM) is an attribute of government and non-governmental organization employment that explains why individuals have a desire to serve the public and link their personal actions with the overall public interest. Understanding the theory and practice of PSM is important in determining the motivations of individuals who ...
The U.S. civil service is managed by the Office of Personnel Management, which as of December 2011 reported approximately 2.79 million civil servants employed by the federal government, [2] [3] [4] including employees in the departments and agencies run by any of the three branches of government (the executive branch, legislative branch, and ...
A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the gods through a theologically and ceremonially correct state religion. [8] The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and ...
The importance of the merit system in a workplace is to provide good quality work to the public. When merit is truly assessed in the process of hiring or promoting personnel, an honest, effective, and productive workplace is created. [8] Employees build organizations and the service they provide to customers allows the organization to be ...