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Symbols are used to represent geographic phenomena, which exist in, and are represented by, a variety of spatial forms. Different kinds of symbols are used to portray different spatial forms. [1] Phenomena can be categorized a number of ways, but two are most relevant to symbology: ontological form and dimensionality.
Decoration, additional symbols attached to the text, is used differently on maps than in block text. Common decorations such as underline and strikeout are rarely used, but a halo or mask , hiding the underlying features around a label, is often used to increase legibility where there are many features that cannot be avoided. [ 16 ]
Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.
Traffic signs, including warning signs contain many specialized symbols (see article for list) DOT pictograms; ISO 7001; Exit sign, a.k.a. "running man" [1] Gender symbols for public toilets; Map symbol. Japanese map symbols; International Breastfeeding Symbol; International Symbol of Access; Barber's pole
As a result, different nations can have wildly different direction signs; the United States uses verbose green gantry signs almost universally in built up areas, with few diagrams beyond basic arrows, [7] while the United Kingdom, Ireland and Iceland use signs with fewer words but detailed maps of the approaching junctions.
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Geographic maps use a projection to translate the three-dimensional real surface of the geoid to a two-dimensional picture. Projection always distorts the surface. There are many ways to apportion the distortion, and so there are many map projections. Which projection to use depends on the purpose of the map. [5]