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Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970. [1] Over time, the use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes in livestock was discovered. In 1986, some European countries banned the use of antibiotics because of research they found that linked antibiotic use in livestock and drug ...
The discovery of antimicrobial agents contributed significantly to UTI management during the 20th century. Nitrofurantoin emerged as the first practical and safe urinary antimicrobial agent, but it was with limited spectrum of activity. [48] Subsequently, in the 1970s, beta-lactam antibiotics and TMP/SMX became available for UTI therapy. [48]
Urinary tract infection: Yes: No: Yes: Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in this indication. [14] Bacterial infections: Acne vulgaris: No: No: No: At least one clinical trial supports its use in this indication. [37] Listeria: No: Yes: No: Well-designed clinical trials are lacking. Melioidosis: No: Yes: No
As a prophylactic against UTIs, nitrofurantoin was similarly effective to other antibiotics, with a UTI risk ratio of 0.38. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Taken daily long-term as a prophylactic, there were no differences in effectiveness between different doses of nitrofurantoin (50 mg/day, 75 mg/day, 100 mg/day, or 50 mg twice daily). [ 27 ]
In 1966, the World Health Organisation confirmed the Kirby–Bauer method as the standard method for susceptibility testing; it is simple, cost-effective and can test multiple antibiotics. [25] The Etest was developed in 1980 by BolmstrÓ§m and Eriksson, and MALDI-TOF developed in 2000s. [25]
In 2017, a Kaiser Health News study found that the per-unit cost of dozens of generics doubled or even tripled from 2015 to 2016, increasing spending by the Medicaid program. Due to price increases by drug manufacturers, Medicaid paid on average $2,685,330 more for Erythromycin in 2016 compared to 2015 (not including rebates). [ 54 ]