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Disseminating cancer cells can proliferate or become dormant depending on the microenvironment and factors such as the ERK/p38 ratio. Dormancy is a stage in cancer progression where the cells cease dividing but survive in a quiescent state while waiting for appropriate environmental conditions to begin proliferation again. [1]
Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. There are many reports of spores remaining viable over 10,000 years, and revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed.
Endospores can last for decades in multiple hard conditions, such as drying and freezing. This is because the DNA inside the endospore can survive over a long period. Most bacteria are unable to form endospores due to their high resistance, but some common species are the genera Bacillus ( over 100 species) and Clostridium (over 160 species). [2]
Persister cells are subpopulations of cells that resist treatment, and become antimicrobial tolerant by changing to a state of dormancy or quiescence. [1] [2] Persister cells in their dormancy do not divide. [3] The tolerance shown in persister cells differs from antimicrobial resistance in that the tolerance is not inherited and is reversible. [4]
Partners of patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer do not seem to have elevated oral HPV infection compared with the general population. [251] In Australia the incidence of HPV-associated OPC was 1.56 cases per 100,000 males/year (2001–2005), rising from 19% (1987–90) to 47% (2001–05) and 63.5% (2006–2010).
Stage 0 can also mean no remaining cancer after preoperative treatment in some cancers (e.g. colorectal cancer). Stage I: cancers are localized to one part of the body. Stage I cancer can be surgically removed if small enough. Stage II: cancers are locally advanced. Stage II cancer can be treated by chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery.
The most common secondary neoplasm is secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors. [109] Survivors of childhood cancer are more than 13 times as likely to get a secondary neoplasm during the 30 years after treatment than the general population. [110]
Pantoea agglomerans is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Erwiniaceae.. It was formerly called Enterobacter agglomerans, or Erwinia herbicola and is a ubiquitous bacterium commonly isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, fruit, and animal or human feces and can be found throughout a honeybee's environment. [1]
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