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Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, [12] also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. [3] It is usually associated with developmental delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability , and characteristic physical features.
Rather than having monosomy, or only one copy, the majority of aneuploid people have trisomy, or three copies of one chromosome. [citation needed] An example of trisomy in humans is Down syndrome, which is a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21; the disorder is therefore also called trisomy 21. [7]
Karyotype for trisomy Down syndrome. Notice the three copies of chromosome 21. Trisomy 21 (47,XY,+21) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event. [3] A typical gamete (either egg or sperm) has one copy of each chromosome (23 total). When it is combined with a gamete from the other parent during conception, the child has 46 chromosomes.
A discussion of every disease caused by modification of the various apoptotic pathways would be impractical, but the concept overlying each one is the same: The normal functioning of the pathway has been disrupted in such a way as to impair the ability of the cell to undergo normal apoptosis.
The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern pathology. [2] Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components.
The story of U.S. natural gas gets referenced a lot but you may not know what's going on. Here are 15 charts that tell the story of the U.S. natural gas market. Rise of horizontal drilling and ...
Natural gas prices are down nearly 40% year to date amid a glut in supply and a milder-than-expected winter. But analysts see an upside for the commodity going into the end of the year — in part ...
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.