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Mites which colonize human skin are the cause of several types of itchy skin rashes, such as gamasoidosis, [51] rodent mite dermatitis, [52] grain itch, [53] grocer's itch, [53] and scabies; Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic mite responsible for scabies, which is one of the three most common skin disorders in children. [54]
As mites, Stigmaeidae have unsegmented bodies with eight legs (six in larvae). They can be recognised by: prodorsum without transversal groove, sacs or tubes; suranal and aggenital shields separate; cheliceral bases usually separate (rarely fused or conjunct); palps stout with tibial claws at least 1/3 length of tarsus; peritreme absent.
The larva is an active, feeding instar invariably present in mite life cycles. After eclosion, larvae shed both prelarval skin and chorion. In most bee-associated mites, this is the first active stage. It is usually a weak, miniature stage, but in some groups, larvae are aggressive parasites (Parasitengona) or predators (family Cheyletidae).
The life cycle of mites consists of egg, prelarva, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph, and adult. The larvae, commonly referred to as chiggers, are the only ectoparasitic stage feeding on the body fluids of rodents and other opportunistic mammals. Thus, they are the only stage in the life of mites that transmit the infection.
The larvae bite a hole into the cuticula of the host and use a stylostome, which acts like a drinking straw, to drink body fluids dissolved tissues. The larvae of two described species of Leptus feed on bees: Leptus ariel lives on the European honey bee in Guatemala, and Leptus monteithi is a parasite of a Leioproctus species in Tasmania. [3]
Larvae of Parasitengona are usually ectoparasites of arthropods, and they make up most of the red mites that can be found attached to arthropods. Some (e.g. chiggers) use vertebrates as hosts instead. There are also species with free-living larvae. [7] [8] Water mite (Hydrachnidia) Erythraeidae (Erythraeoidea) larva attached to Opiliones leg
Neotrombicula autumnalis, known as the harvest mite or autumn chigger, is a species of mite of the family Trombiculidae. Their larvae live parasitically; they infect all domestic mammals , humans, and some ground-nesting birds .
Tropilaelaps is a genus of parasitic mites in the family Laelapidae. [1] Their range spans the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Pakistan. T. mercedesae has now established a foothold in Europe with verified reports in the Krasnodar region, Western Russia. [2]