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Nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA , are recognized by TLR3 and unmethylated CpG motifs are recognized by TLR9. [9] The CpG motifs must be internalized in order to be recognized by TLR9. [8]
It is similar to DNA but with the replacement of thymine by uracil and the adding of one oxygen atom. [1] Despite the structural similarities, much less is known about dsRNA. [2] They form the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses). dsRNA, such as viral RNA or siRNA, can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as ...
Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA is usually a single-stranded molecule (ssRNA) [4] in many of its biological roles and consists of much shorter chains of nucleotides. [5] However, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can form and (moreover) a single RNA molecule can, by complementary base pairing, form intrastrand double helixes, as in tRNA .
An individual strand of DNA is referred to as positive-sense (also positive (+) or simply sense) if its nucleotide sequence corresponds directly to the sequence of an RNA transcript which is translated or translatable into a sequence of amino acids (provided that any thymine bases in the DNA sequence are replaced with uracil bases in the RNA ...
Some viruses (such as HIV, the cause of AIDS), have the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA. HIV has an RNA genome that is reverse transcribed into DNA. The resulting DNA can be merged with the DNA genome of the host cell. The main enzyme responsible for synthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called reverse transcriptase. [65]
Only one strand of DNA, called the template strand (also called the noncoding strand or nonsense/antisense strand), gets transcribed. [2] Transcription begins and short "abortive" nucleotide sequences approximately 10 base pairs long are produced. These short sequences are nonfunctional pieces of RNA that are produced and then released. [1]
In B. subtilis the length of the transferred DNA is more than 1 million bases, is likely double stranded DNA, and is often more than a third of the total chromosome length of 4215 kb. [24] Approximately 7-9% of the recipient cells take up an entire chromosome. [25]
Viruses containing positive-strand RNA or double-strand RNA, except retroviruses and Birnaviridae. All positive-strand RNA eukaryotic viruses with no DNA stage, such as Coronaviridae; All RNA-containing bacteriophages; the two families of RNA-containing bacteriophages are Fiersviridae (positive ssRNA phages) and Cystoviridae (dsRNA phages)