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Joseph J. Sandler (10 January 1927 – 6 October 1998) was a British psychoanalyst within the Anna Freud Grouping – now the Contemporary Freudians – of the British Psychoanalytical Society; and is perhaps best known for what has been called his 'silent revolution' in re-aligning the concepts of the object relations school within the framework of ego psychology.
Object relations theory is a school of thought in psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalysis centered around theories of stages of ego development. Its concerns include the relation of the psyche to others in childhood and the exploration of relationships between external people, as well as internal images and the relations found in them. [1]
Other than facial expressions, body language and posture are the main non-verbal social cues that we use. [25] For instance, body language can be used to establish personal space, which is the amount of space needed for oneself in order to be comfortable. Taking a step back can therefore be a social cue indicating a violation of personal space.
The study of clothing and other objects as a means of non-verbal communication is known as artifactics [35] or objectics. [36] The types of clothing that an individual wears convey nonverbal cues about their personality, background and financial status, and how others will respond to them. [ 9 ]
He was inspired by both psychoanalysis, especially object relations theory, and more recent research into ethology, evolution and information-processing. In psychoanalytic theory, there has been the idea of an inner or representational world (proposed by Freud ) as well as the internalization of relationships ( Fairbairn , Winnicott ).
Subsequent studies have examined the relative impact of verbal and nonverbal signals in more natural settings. For example, a study in 1970 used video tapes to analyze the communication of submissive/dominant attitudes and found that all types of nonverbal cues, [9] particularly body posture, had a 4.3 times greater impact than verbal cues.
The model is the work of psychological researcher John Gottman, a professor at the University of Washington and founder of The Gottman Institute, and his research partner, Robert W. Levenson. [2] This theory focuses on the negative influence of verbal and nonverbal communication habits on marriages and other
Relational psychoanalysis is a school of psychoanalysis in the United States that emphasizes the role of real and imagined relationships with others in mental disorder and psychotherapy. 'Relational psychoanalysis is a relatively new and evolving school of psychoanalytic thought considered by its founders to represent a "paradigm shift" in ...