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The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
Arak is traditionally made of grapes and aniseed (the seeds of the anise plant); when crushed, their oil provides arak with a slight licorice taste. [1] Dates, figs, and other fruits are sometimes added. [2] Typically, arak is a minimum of 50% alcohol by volume (ABV), and can be up to 70% ABV (126 proof). [2] A 53% ABV is considered typical. [3 ...
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For gases, departure from 3 R per mole of atoms is generally due to two factors: (1) failure of the higher quantum-energy-spaced vibration modes in gas molecules to be excited at room temperature, and (2) loss of potential energy degree of freedom for small gas molecules, simply because most of their atoms are not bonded maximally in space to ...
One of the longest established arrack companies in Indonesia is the Batavia Arak Company (Dutch Batavia-Arak Maatschappij), which was already in business by 1872, became a limited liability company in 1901, and was still operating in the early 1950s. The Batavia Arak Company also exported arack to the Netherlands and had an office in Amsterdam.
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms.
The resulting mixed gas was called carburetted water gas. The average composition of carburetted water gas is as follows: 34–38% H 2; 23–28% CO; 17–21% saturated hydrocarbons; 13–16% unsaturated hydrocarbons; 0.2–2.2% CO 2; 2.5–5.0% N 2. It is used as a source of heat, since it has a high calorific value.
The ideal gas model has been explored in both the Newtonian dynamics (as in "kinetic theory") and in quantum mechanics (as a "gas in a box"). The ideal gas model has also been used to model the behavior of electrons in a metal (in the Drude model and the free electron model), and it is one of the most important models in statistical mechanics.