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Nanomaterial-based catalysts are usually heterogeneous catalysts broken up into metal nanoparticles in order to enhance the catalytic process. Metal nanoparticles have high surface area, which can increase catalytic activity. Nanoparticle catalysts can be easily separated and recycled.
Nanomaterials can also be used in three-way-catalyst applications, which have the advantage of controlling the emission of nitrogen oxides (NO x), which are precursors to acid rain and smog. [44] In core-shell structure, nanomaterials form shell as the catalyst support to protect the noble metals such as palladium and rhodium. [ 45 ]
As catalysis is carried out on the nanoparticle surface, the atoms at the center are wasted. This becomes more important when expensive metals are used as catalysts. To reduce the cost of the catalysts an inexpensive metal is made the core and the catalytically active metal is taken as the shell.
Functionalized nanomaterial-based catalysts can be used for catalysis of many known organic reactions. [dubious – discuss] For example, suspensions of graphene particles can be stabilized by functionalization with gallic acid groups. [111]
In order for a fuel cell to operate, particularly of the hydrogen variant, a noble-metal catalyst (usually platinum, which is very expensive) is needed to separate the electrons from the protons of the hydrogen atoms. [48] However, catalysts of this type are extremely sensitive to carbon monoxide reactions.
The magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see potential use in catalysis including nanomaterial-based catalysts, [4] biomedicine [5] and tissue specific targeting, [6] magnetically tunable colloidal photonic crystals, [7] microfluidics, [8] magnetic resonance ...
Platinum catalysts are alternatives of automotive catalytic converters, carbon monoxide gas sensors, petroleum refining, hydrogen production, and anticancer drugs. These applications utilize platinum nanomaterials due to their catalytic ability to oxidize CO and NOx, dehydrogenate hydrocarbons, and electrolyze water and their ability to inhibit ...
Nanochemistry is an emerging sub-discipline of the chemical and material sciences that deals with the development of new methods for creating nanoscale materials. [1] The term "nanochemistry" was first used by Ozin in 1992 as 'the uses of chemical synthesis to reproducibly afford nanomaterials from the atom "up", contrary to the nanoengineering and nanophysics approach that operates from the ...