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MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel and distributed algorithm on a cluster. [1] [2] [3]A MapReduce program is composed of a map procedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for each name), and a reduce method, which performs a summary ...
Though MapReduce Java code is common, any programming language can be used with Hadoop Streaming to implement the map and reduce parts of the user's program. [15] Other projects in the Hadoop ecosystem expose richer user interfaces.
Pig Latin abstracts the programming from the Java MapReduce idiom into a notation which makes MapReduce programming high level, similar to that of SQL for relational database management systems. Pig Latin can be extended using user-defined functions (UDFs) which the user can write in Java , Python , JavaScript , Ruby or Groovy [ 3 ] and then ...
Bigtable development began in 2004. [1] It is now used by a number of Google applications, such as Google Analytics, [2] web indexing, [3] MapReduce, which is often used for generating and modifying data stored in Bigtable, [4] Google Maps, [5] Google Books search, "My Search History", Google Earth, Blogger.com, Google Code hosting, YouTube, [6] and Gmail. [7]
Map functions can be and often are defined in terms of a fold such as foldr, which means one can do a map-fold fusion: foldr f z . map g is equivalent to foldr (f . g) z. The implementation of map above on singly linked lists is not tail-recursive, so it may build up a lot of frames on the stack when called with a large list. Many languages ...
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
An example is Spark where Java is the base language, and Spark is the programming model. Execution may be based on what appear to be library calls. Other examples include the POSIX Threads library and Hadoop's MapReduce. [1] In both cases, the execution model of the programming model is different from that of the base language in which the code ...
Cascading is a software abstraction layer for Apache Hadoop and Apache Flink.Cascading is used to create and execute complex data processing workflows on a Hadoop cluster using any JVM-based language (Java, JRuby, Clojure, etc.), hiding the underlying complexity of MapReduce jobs.