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The electron's mass is approximately 1 / 1836 that of the proton. [15] Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum of a half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, per the Pauli exclusion principle. [14]
In particle physics, the electron mass (symbol: m e) is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the fundamental constants of physics. It has a value of about 9.109 × 10 −31 kilograms or about 5.486 × 10 −4 daltons, which has an energy-equivalent of about 8.187 × 10 −14 joules or ...
If the Avogadro constant N A and the Faraday constant F are independently known, the value of the elementary charge can be deduced using the formula =. (In other words, the charge of one mole of electrons, divided by the number of electrons in a mole, equals the charge of a single electron.)
An electronvolt is the amount of energy gained or lost by a single electron when it moves through an electric potential difference of one volt.Hence, it has a value of one volt, which is 1 J/C, multiplied by the elementary charge e = 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 C. [2]
electron g-factor: −2.002 319 304 360 92 (36) 1.8 ... While the values of the physical constants are independent of the system of units in use, each uncertainty as ...
The CODATA recommended value is −e/m e = −1.758 820 008 38 (55) × 10 11 C⋅kg −1. [2] CODATA refers to this as the electron charge-to-mass quotient, but ratio is still commonly used. There are two other common ways of measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron, apart from Thomson and Dunnington's methods.
The value of the fine-structure constant α is linked to the observed value of this coupling associated with the energy scale of the electron mass: the electron's mass gives a lower bound for this energy scale, because it (and the positron) is the lightest charged object whose quantum loops can contribute to the running.
The value for elementary charge, when expressed in SI units, is exactly 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 C. [1] After discovering the quantized character of charge, in 1891, George Stoney proposed the unit 'electron' for this fundamental unit of electrical charge. J. J. Thomson subsequently