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Source code (e.g., the kernel source code with its header files). /usr/X11R6: X Window System, Version 11, Release 6 (up to FHS-2.3, optional). /var: Variable files: files whose content is expected to continually change during normal operation of the system, such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files. /var/cache: Application cache data.
Linux distributions that have highly modified kernels — for example, real-time computing kernels — should be listed separately. There are also a wide variety of minor BSD operating systems, many of which can be found at comparison of BSD operating systems.
file — determine file type. fuser — list process IDs of all processes that have one or more files open. ln — link files. ls — list directory contents. mkdir — make directory. mv — move or rename files. pax — portable archive interchange. pwd — print working directory; return working directory name.
Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter – an alliteration, e.g., "Dapper Drake".With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, and except for the first three releases, the first letters are sequential, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer.
The 2.1 kernels were development kernels [450] 2.0 9 June 1996 [467] 2.0.40 [468] David Weinehall officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release [469] Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support [470] Larry Ewing created the Tux mascot in 1996 1.3 12 June 1995: 1.3.100 [471] Linus Torvalds: EOL
The Linux kernel is a free and open source, [11]: 4 Unix-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS) which was created to be a free replacement for Unix.
Multiserver Microkernel (Hurd kernel) or Monolithic (Linux-libre kernel, fork of Linux kernel, and other kernels which are not part of the GNU Project) C: 1:1 Unix-like: 2.4 on Linux-libre kernel (not on Hurd kernel) Linux: ReactOS: GPL, LGPL Hybrid C, C++ Windows-like: No RISC OS: Apache 2.0 Monolithic (with cooperative multitasking) ARM ...
Boot messages of a Linux kernel 2.6.25.17. The basic components of the Linux family of operating systems, which are based on the Linux kernel, the GNU C Library, BusyBox or forks thereof like μClinux and uClibc, have been programmed with a certain level of abstraction in mind.