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Utu is a Māori concept of reciprocation or balance.. To retain mana, both friendly and unfriendly actions require an appropriate response; that is, utu covers both the reciprocation of kind deeds, [1] and the seeking of revenge.
Muru is a concept in Māori culture, describing acts of compensation for wrongdoing, either between hapū (sub-tribes), whānau (extended families) or individuals. A form of utu, muru is a process of restorative justice to restore balance in relationships and society.
From about the 1980s the word tikanga began to appear in common New Zealand English. This can be attributed to the Māori renaissance as well as acts of the New Zealand government including the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 and the Resource Management Act (1991) that include the need for separate consultation with local iwi (tribal) representatives.
Haumiatiketike, the god of uncultivated food, particularly bracken fern.; Papatūānuku, the primordial earth mother.; Ranginui, the primordial sky father ...
Muru is the negative or revenge side of the Māori cultural practice of utu, carried out by taua, which can be either positive or negative. It was within Māori traditions for a taua to conduct muru against hapu who had no involvement in the events that caused the death of the chief. [4]
According to the New Zealand Ministry of Justice: Mana and tapu are concepts which have both been attributed single-worded definitions by contemporary writers. As concepts, especially Maori concepts they can not easily be translated into a single English definition.
In wider current New Zealand, society the term has a broader meaning more closely associated with the English term donation.Participants at an event may be asked for "koha", often in the form of a request for "a gold coin donation" (i.e., $1 or $2).
Other terms relate to Māori customs. All of these words are commonly encountered in New Zealand English, and several (such as kiwi) are widely used across other varieties of English, and in other languages. The Māori alphabet includes both long and short vowels, which change the meaning of words. [1]