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The seat linkage compensatory mixed system often referred to as MMP originates in Germany. (It was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand.) In Germany, it was differentiated from a different compensatory mixed system by always being known as personalized proportional representation (PPR) (German: personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrec
The Bundestag, Germany's parliament, was elected according to the principle of mixed member proportional representation until the reforms of 2023 which introduced the Zweitstimmendeckung, essentially making it a party-list proportional system with a degree of localization.
The Bundestag (Federal Diet) is elected for a four-year term and consists of 598 or more members elected by a means of mixed-member proportional representation, which Germans call "personalised proportional representation". 299 members represent single-seat constituencies and are elected by a first-past-the-post electoral system (Direktmandat ...
Another mixed system is dual-member proportional representation (DMP). It is a single-vote system that elects two representatives in every district. [87] The first seat in each district is awarded to the candidate who wins a plurality of the votes, similar to FPTP voting. The remaining seats are awarded in a compensatory manner to achieve ...
The federal legislature in Germany has a one chamber parliament—the Bundestag (Federal Diet); the Bundesrat (Federal Council) represents the States (in particular the state Governments) and is not considered a chamber as its members are not elected. The Bundestag is elected using a mixed member proportional system. The Bundestag has 598 ...
All other European countries either use proportional representation or use winner-take-all representation as part of a mixed-member winner-take-all system (Andorra, Italy, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine) or a mixed-member proportional system (Germany). However, other European countries also occasionally use winner-take-all systems ...
Under Germany's mixed member proportional system of election, the Bundestag has 299 constituencies (Wahlkreise (German: [ˈvaːlˌkʁaɪ̯zə] ⓘ), electoral districts), each of which may elect one member of the Bundestag by first-past-the-post voting (a plurality of votes).
The results of the combination may be mixed-member proportional (MMP), where the overall results of the elections are proportional, [2] or mixed-member majoritarian, in which case the overall results are semi-proportional, retaining disproportionalities from the majoritarian component.