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The equations below assume a beam with a circular cross-section at all values of z; this can be seen by noting that a single transverse dimension, r, appears.Beams with elliptical cross-sections, or with waists at different positions in z for the two transverse dimensions (astigmatic beams) can also be described as Gaussian beams, but with distinct values of w 0 and of the z = 0 location for ...
The first to report on the relationship between dipole moments and deflection in a molecular beam (using binary salts such as KCl) was Erwin Wrede in 1927. [5] [4] In 1939 Isidor Rabi invented a molecular beam magnetic resonance method in which two magnets placed one after the other create an inhomogeneous magnetic field. [6]
An anode ray (also positive ray or canal ray) is a beam of positive ions that is created by certain types of gas-discharge tubes. They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen Goldstein, in 1886. [1] Later work on anode rays by Wilhelm Wien and J. J. Thomson led to the development of mass spectrometry.
A point particle, ideal particle [1] or point-like particle (often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics. Its defining feature is that it lacks spatial extension ; being dimensionless, it does not take up space . [ 2 ]
The crossed molecular beam technique was developed by Dudley Herschbach and Yuan T. Lee, for which they were awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [3] While the technique was demonstrated in 1953 by Taylor and Datz of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, [4] Herschbach and Lee refined the apparatus and began probing gas-phase reactions in unprecedented detail.
Cathode rays or electron beams (e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow, due to electrons emitted from the cathode (the electrode connected to the negative terminal of the voltage ...
The terms perfect gas and ideal gas are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the particular field of physics and engineering. Sometimes, other distinctions are made, such as between thermally perfect gas and calorically perfect gas, or between imperfect, semi-perfect, and perfect gases, and as well as the characteristics of ideal gases.
Irshad Hussain (Urdu: ارشاد حسین) is a Pakistani scientist in the field of chemistry and among the few pioneers to initiate nanomaterials research in Pakistan.. He is among the founding faculty members of SBA School of Science and Engineering and played a key role in the development of the chemistry department at Lahore University of Management Sciences (during 2010–2016). [2]