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A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union. [1] In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base.
Central bank name Currency Currency share percentage of global allocated reserves in Q4 2022 (%) Central bank governor Native name of central bank Establishment United States: Federal Reserve: United States dollar: 58.36 Jerome Powell: 1913 European Union: European Central Bank: Euro: 20.47 Christine Lagarde: 1998 Japan: Bank of Japan: Japanese ...
Central bank Pegged with Austria: Euro: Oesterreichische Nationalbank: float Belgium: National Bank of Belgium Croatia: Croatian National Bank Cyprus: Central Bank of Cyprus Estonia: Bank of Estonia Finland: Bank of Finland France: Bank of France Germany: Deutsche Bundesbank Greece: Bank of Greece Ireland: Central Bank of Ireland Italy: Bank of ...
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government 's banker and debt manager, and still one of the bankers for the government of the United Kingdom , it is the world's second oldest central bank.
Wim Duisenberg, first President of the ECB. The European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). [7] The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). [7]
The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States.It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises.
During the free banking era, some local banks took over the functions of a central bank. In New York, the New York Safety Fund provided deposit insurance for member banks. In Boston, the Suffolk Bank guaranteed that bank notes would trade at near par value, and acted as a private bank note clearinghouse. [7]
The Deutsche Bundesbank (pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈbʊndəsˌbaŋk], lit. ' German Federal Bank ', colloquially Buba, [2] sometimes alternatively abbreviated as BBk or DBB) is the German member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for Germany from 1957 to 1998, issuing the Deutsche Mark (DM).