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At least 24 countries have established digital surveillance of their citizens. [8] The digital surveillance technologies include COVID-19 apps, location data and electronic tags. [8] The Center For Disease Control and Prevention in USA tracks the travel information of individuals using airline passenger data. [9] [10]
Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused by outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic situations, as well as increase knowledge about which factors contribute to such circumstances.
Infoveillance is a type of syndromic surveillance that specifically utilizes information found online. [1] The term, along with the term infodemiology, was coined by Gunther Eysenbach to describe research that uses online information to gather information about human behavior.
Syndromic surveillance is the analysis of medical data to detect or anticipate disease outbreaks.According to a CDC definition, "the term 'syndromic surveillance' applies to surveillance using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response.
An emerging term within social media based participatory surveillance, infodemiology refers to the use of digital based applications or surveys, to better track disease patterns. [3] [4] [10] [11] Information people search for related to health as well as what the public says on digital-based platforms makes up the fabric of this field of study.
The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of data and traffic on the Internet. [9] In the United States for example, under the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act, all phone calls and broadband Internet traffic (emails, web traffic, instant messaging, etc.) are required to be available for unimpeded real-time monitoring by federal law enforcement agencies.
This system monitors internet media, such as news wires and websites, in nine languages in order to help detect and report potential disease or other health threats around the world. [1] The system has been credited with detecting early signs of the 2009 swine flu pandemic in Mexico, Zika in West Africa, H5N1 in Iran, MERS and Ebola.
Real-time outbreak and disease surveillance system (RODS) is a syndromic surveillance system developed by the University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biomedical Informatics. [1]