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No animal species is known to be immune to the acute toxic effects of aflatoxins. Adult humans have a high tolerance for aflatoxin exposure and rarely succumb to acute aflatoxicosis, [31] but children are particularly affected, and their exposure can lead to stunted growth and delayed development, in addition to all the symptoms mentioned below ...
A. parasiticus produces aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, named for the colours emitted under UV light on thin-layer chromatography plates—either blue and green. The numbers refer to the type of compound with 1 being major and 2 being minor. [3] These aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins which have detrimental effects to humans and livestock. [4]
Treatment of human liver cells with aflatoxin B 1 at doses that ranged from 3–5 μmol/L resulted in the formation of aflatoxin B 1-DNA adducts, 8-hydroxyguanine lesions and DNA damage. [41] Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B 1, which is characterized by the development of liver cell carcinoma, has been reported in rat studies ...
Dietary exposure to the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, commonly produced by growth of the fungus Aspergillus flavus on improperly stored ground nuts in many areas of the developing world, is known to independently (and synergistically with Hepatitis B virus) induce liver cancer. [61]
On October 26, 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization reported that eating processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) or red meat was linked to some cancers and classed them as Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) and Group 2a (probably carcinogenic to humans) carcinogens respectively. [49]
Aflatoxin B 1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. [11] Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics, such as cotton, peanuts, spices, pistachios, and maize.
The effect of aflatoxin M 1 was much weaker than aflatoxin B 1 in producing liver cancer. The limited animal studies carried out to determine toxicity of aflatoxin M 1. Aflatoxin M 1 has toxic and carcinogenic properties. The toxicity of aflatoxin M 1 in ducklings and rats seems to be slightly less than that of aflatoxin B 1.
Contamination of food is common in Africa, South-East Asia, and China. The mechanism by which aflatoxins cause cancer is through mutations and epigenetic alterations. Aflatoxins induce a spectrum of mutations, [40] [41] including in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is a mutation seen in many types of cancers. [40]