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Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a fifteen-carbon skeleton, containing two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon linking chain. [1] Therefore, they are depicted as C6-C3-C6 compounds.
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of condensed tannins.
Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. [2] [3] It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods.
Pistachios are a great source of plant-based protein because they are one of the few plants that contain ... Flavonoids are healthy chemical compounds that may help protect your body from toxins ...
However, bilberry, cranberry, black currant, green tea, black tea, and other plants also contain these flavonoids. [3] Procyanidins can also be isolated from Quercus petraea and Q. robur heartwood (wine barrel oaks). [4] Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in numerous procyanidin oligomers. [5]
The term polyphenol is not well-defined, but it is generally agreed that they are natural products with "several hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings" including four principal classes: "phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans". [5] Flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and ...
Roughly 2% of all hydrocarbons fixed in photosynthesis are converted into flavonoids and their derivatives, such as the anthocyanins. Not all land plants contain anthocyanin; in the Caryophyllales (including cactus, beets, and amaranth), they are replaced by betalains. Anthocyanins and betalains have never been found in the same plant. [10] [11]
Fisetin (7,3′,4′-flavon-3-ol) is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. [1] It occurs in many plants where it serves as a yellow pigment.It is found in many fruits and vegetables, such as strawberries, apples, persimmons, onions, and cucumbers.