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The rockfall still takes place but an attempt is made to control the outcome. In contrast, active mitigation is carried out in the initiation zone and prevents the rockfall event from ever occurring. Some examples of these measures are rock bolting , slope retention systems, shotcrete , etc.
Rockfall simulators determine travel paths and trajectories of unstable blocks separated from a rock slope face. [36] Analytical solution method described by Hungr & Evans [37] assumes rock block as a point with mass and velocity moving on a ballistic trajectory with regard to potential contact with slope surface. Calculation requires two ...
A rockfall protection embankment is an earthwork built in elevation with respect to the ground to intercept falling rock fragments before elements at risk such as roads and buildings are reached. This term is widely used in the rockfall community but the terms bunds and walls are sometimes used as alternatives.
Mass wasting is a general term for any process of erosion that is driven by gravity and in which the transported soil and rock is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice. [2] The presence of water usually aids mass wasting, but the water is not abundant enough to be regarded as a transporting medium.
A: Diagram illustrating the resistance to, and causes of, movement in a slope system consisting of an unstable block B: Diagram illustrating the resistance to, and causes of, movement in a slope system consisting of an unstable block. In some situations, the presence of high levels of fluid may destabilise the slope through other mechanisms ...
Joints have a profound control on weathering and erosion of bedrock. As a result, they exert a strong control on how topography and morphology of landscapes develop. Understanding the local and regional distribution, physical character, and origin of joints is a significant part of understanding the geology and geomorphology of an area.
If the layering does begin to fold, the fold style is also dependent on these properties. Isolated thick competent layers in a less competent matrix control the folding and typically generate classic rounded buckle folds accommodated by deformation in the matrix. In the case of regular alternations of layers of contrasting properties, such as ...
Originally horizontal strata deformed due to stress. Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories.