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Class III agents predominantly block the potassium channels, thereby prolonging repolarization. [2] More specifically, their primary effect is on I Kr. [3]Since these agents do not affect the sodium channel, conduction velocity is not decreased.
Diltiazem, sold under the brand name Cardizem among others, is a nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart arrhythmias. [9] It may also be used in hyperthyroidism if beta blockers cannot be used. [9] It is taken by mouth or given by injection into a vein. [9]
Taper and conservative switch with a medication-free washout period. Since some tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can cause harmful interactions if used ...
Structural formula of diltiazem. Benzothiazepine calcium channel blockers belong to the benzothiazepine class of compounds and are an intermediate class between phenylalkylamine and dihydropyridines in their selectivity for vascular calcium channels. By having both cardiac depressant and vasodilator actions, benzothiazepines are able to reduce ...
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. [1] [2] Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug can be used to improve how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted ().
While negative inotropism may precipitate or exacerbate heart failure in the short term, certain beta blockers (e.g. carvedilol, bisoprolol and metoprolol) have been believed to reduce long-term morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure. [13] Examples of negative inotropic agents include: Beta blockers [14]
1,3-thiazepine 1,4-thiazepine Diltiazem. 1,4-thiazepine is the seven membered ring in the middle. Thiazepines are substituted thiepins, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon in the seven-membered heterocyclic compound. [1] Depending on the location of the nitrogen, one distinguishes 1,3-thiazepine and 1,4-thiazepine. [1]
The progress in β-blocker development led to the introduction of drugs with variety of properties. β-blockers were developed having a relative selectivity for cardiac β1-receptors (for example metoprolol and atenolol), partial adrenergic agonist activity , concomitant α-adrenergic blocking activity (for example labetalol and carvedilol) and ...