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Tarmacadam is a concrete road surfacing material made by combining tar and macadam (crushed stone and sand), patented by Welsh inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. It is a more durable and dust-free enhancement of simple compacted stone macadam surfaces invented by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the early 19th century.
John Loudon McAdam, 1830, National Gallery, London. John Loudon McAdam (23 September 1756 [1] – 26 November 1836) was a Scottish civil engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface, using controlled materials of mixed particle size and predetermined structure, that would be more durable and less muddy than soil-based tracks.
The history of the Catholic Church is the formation, events, and historical development of the Catholic Church through time.. According to the tradition of the Catholic Church, it started from the day of Pentecost at the upper room of Jerusalem; [1] the Catholic tradition considers that the Church is a continuation of the early Christian community established by the Disciples of Jesus.
This is a glossary of terms used within the Catholic Church.Some terms used in everyday English have a different meaning in the context of the Catholic faith, including brother, confession, confirmation, exemption, faithful, father, ordinary, religious, sister, venerable, and vow.
An illustration of the first macadamized road in the United States between Boonsboro and Hagerstown in Maryland in 1823; in the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces [170 g] in weight or to pass a two-inch [5 cm] ring".
The word catholic (derived via Late Latin catholicus, from the ancient Greek adjective καθολικός (katholikos) ' universal ') [3] [4] comes from the Greek phrase καθόλου (katholou) ' on the whole, according to the whole, in general ', and is a combination of the Greek words κατά (kata) ' about ' and ὅλος (holos) ' whole '.
Eastern patriarchates of the Pentarchy, after the Council of Chalcedon (451). Patriarchate (/ ˈ p eɪ t r i ɑːr k ɪ t,-k eɪ t /, UK also / ˈ p æ t r i-/; [1] Ancient Greek: πατριαρχεῖον, patriarcheîon) is an ecclesiological term in Christianity, designating the office and jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical patriarch.
A brief Catholic general account of the history of the Church in Scotland is that of T. Walsh, History of the Catholic Church in Scotland (1876). That of Alphons Bellesheim has a full bibliography, translated into English by Hunter-Blair, History of the Catholic Church in Scotland (4 vols., London, 1887, sqq.).