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Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. [5] This includes bone and joint infections , intra-abdominal infections, certain types of infectious diarrhea , respiratory tract infections , skin infections, typhoid fever , and urinary tract infections , among others. [ 5 ]
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, rash, and diarrhea. [2] Severe allergic reactions and Clostridioides difficile infection may occasionally occur. [2] Its use in pregnancy is not recommended. [2] [19] It appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding as long as the baby is healthy. [19]
Safety concerns exist for fluoroquinolone use during pregnancy, so they are contraindicated unless no other safe alternative antibiotic exists. [54] However, one meta-analysis looking at the outcome of pregnancies involving quinolone use in the first trimester found no increased risk of malformations. [55]
First and third-generation cephalosporins, like cefalexin and ceftriaxone, are more commonly used in clinical practice. [17] Common adverse effects associated with cephalosporins include hypersensitivity, rash, anaphylaxis, and seizures. [12] Penicillin is another widely used subclass that effectively targets various bacteria. [18]
Loperamide has limited data on the impact it has on pregnancy, but there is an association with cardiovascular malformation in the first trimester. [14] [12] Atropine/diphenoxylate currently has insufficient evidence of teratogenicity in humans, but trials with animals showed evidence of teratogenic effects. [14]
Common side effects include nausea, changes in taste, and rash. [1] Rarely it may result in blood problems such as not enough platelets or white blood cells. [1] Trimethoprim may cause sun sensitivity. [1] There is evidence of potential harm during pregnancy in some animals but not humans. [3]
Postpartum infections, also known as childbed fever and puerperal fever, are any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. [1] Signs and symptoms usually include a fever greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, lower abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge . [ 1 ]
Possible side effects [4] Mechanism of action Aminoglycosides; Amikacin: Amikin: Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as ...