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The moon’s penumbra causes partial solar eclipses. The super blood moon lunar eclipse occurred late in the night of Sunday, Jan. 20, 2019, and carried over into early morning Monday.
An observer in the penumbra experiences a partial eclipse. An alternative definition is that the penumbra is the region where some or all of the light source is obscured (i.e., the umbra is a subset of the penumbra). For example, NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility defines that a body in the umbra is also within the penumbra. [2]
Umbra, penumbra and antumbra. A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra". For a non-point or "extended" source of light, the shadow is divided into the umbra, penumbra, and antumbra. The wider the light source, the more blurred the shadow becomes. If two penumbras overlap, the shadows appear to attract and merge.
The umbra may be surrounded completely or only partially by a brighter region known as the penumbra. [23] The penumbra is composed of radially elongated structures known as penumbral filaments and has a more inclined magnetic field than the umbra. [24] Within sunspot groups, multiple umbrae may be surrounded by a single, continuous penumbra.
Umbra, penumbra and antumbra cast by an opaque object occulting a larger light source. For any two objects in space, a line can be extended from the first through the second. The latter object will block some amount of light being emitted by the former, creating a region of shadow around the axis of the line.
The small area where the umbra touches Earth's surface is where a total eclipse can be seen. The larger light gray area is the penumbra, in which a partial eclipse can be seen. An observer in the antumbra, the area of shadow beyond the umbra, will see an annular eclipse. [20]
A total penumbral lunar eclipse is a lunar eclipse that occurs when the Moon becomes completely immersed in the penumbral cone of the Earth without touching the umbra. [1] The path for the Moon to pass within the penumbra and outside the umbra is very narrow. It can only happen on the Earth's northern or southern penumbral edges.
Diagram of the Wilson effect. The umbra is the darker inner circle and the penumbra is the lighter ring around the umbra. In astronomy, the Wilson effect is the perceived depression of a sunspot's umbra, or center, in the Sun's photosphere. The magnitude of the depression for the umbra is between 500 and 1000 km, with an average of 600 km. [1]