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These models are shallow, two-layer neural networks that are trained to reconstruct linguistic contexts of words. Word2vec takes as its input a large corpus of text and produces a mapping of the set of words to a vector space , typically of several hundred dimensions , with each unique word in the corpus being assigned a vector in the space.
t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a statistical method for visualizing high-dimensional data by giving each datapoint a location in a two or three-dimensional map. It is based on Stochastic Neighbor Embedding originally developed by Geoffrey Hinton and Sam Roweis, [ 1 ] where Laurens van der Maaten and Hinton proposed the t ...
A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation.LLMs are language models with many parameters, and are trained with self-supervised learning on a vast amount of text.
OpenML: [494] Web platform with Python, R, Java, and other APIs for downloading hundreds of machine learning datasets, evaluating algorithms on datasets, and benchmarking algorithm performance against dozens of other algorithms. PMLB: [495] A large, curated repository of benchmark datasets for evaluating supervised machine learning algorithms ...
Ensemble learning, including both regression and classification tasks, can be explained using a geometric framework. [15] Within this framework, the output of each individual classifier or regressor for the entire dataset can be viewed as a point in a multi-dimensional space.
One of its two networks has "fast weights" or "dynamic links" (1981). [17] [18] [19] A slow neural network learns by gradient descent to generate keys and values for computing the weight changes of the fast neural network which computes answers to queries. [16] This was later shown to be equivalent to the unnormalized linear Transformer. [20] [21]
Two separate reward models were trained from these preferences for safety and helpfulness using Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). A major technical contribution is the departure from the exclusive use of Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) for RLHF – a new technique based on Rejection sampling was used, followed by PPO.
[4]: 114 A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional data structure of rows and columns, similar to a spreadsheet, and analogous to a Python dictionary mapping column names (keys) to Series (values), with each Series sharing an index. [4]: 115 DataFrames can be concatenated together or "merged" on columns or indices in a manner similar to joins in SQL.