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The end of the epididymis is connected to the vas deferens. The vas deferens ends with an opening into the ejaculatory duct at a point where the duct of the seminal vesicle also joins the ejaculatory duct. [1] The vas deferens is a partially coiled tube which exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Ejaculatory duct obstruction is the underlying cause for 1–5% of male infertility. [8] Since ejaculatory duct obstruction is a relatively rare cause of infertility, this possibility may be unfamiliar to some physicians, even some urologists.
Ejaculatory duct obstruction is an acquired or congenital pathological condition in which one or both ejaculatory ducts are obstructed. [9] In the case that both ejaculatory ducts are obstructed, this illness presents with the symptoms of aspermia and male infertility. [9] [10]
[13] [14] Stones or cysts that become infected, or obstruct the vas deferens or seminal vesicles, may require surgical intervention. [ 9 ] Seminal vesiculitis (also known as spermatocystitis) is an inflammation of the seminal vesicles, most often caused by bacterial infection. [ 15 ]
In vasectomies, the vas deferens are cut and the two ends are tied to prevent sperm from passing. Sperm granuloma may then grow at the point where the vas deferens were cut. [2] This could happen two to three weeks post procedure. Sperm granuloma can also form from sperm leaking from the vas deferens into the surrounding interstitium.
The prostate is the only accessory gland that occurs in male dogs. [65] Dogs can produce in one hour as much prostatic fluid as a human can in a day. They excrete this fluid along with their urine to mark their territory. [66] Additionally, dogs are the only species apart from humans seen to have a significant incidence of prostate cancer. [67]
Kidney stones are becoming more common with time, and their incidence is believed to increase recently due to unhealthy diet habits. The passage of kidney stones into ureters might lead to their impaction and the development of local inflammatory process around the stone in addition to the obstruction of the ipsilateral kidney and build up of pressure manifested as hydronephrosis.
Reasons for treatment of bladder stones include recurring symptoms and risk of urinary tract obstruction. Some stones, including struvite and urate stones, can be dissolved using dietary modifications and/or medications. Calcium oxalate stones are insoluble and must be surgically removed. [15]