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Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 ml (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible. The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble. It is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2).
Sodium phenoxide is a moderately strong base. Acidification gives phenol: [5] PhOH ⇌ PhO − + H + (K = 10 −10) The acid-base behavior is complicated by homoassociation, reflecting the association of phenol and phenoxide. [6] Sodium phenoxide reacts with alkylating agents to afford alkyl phenyl ethers: [2]
At pH = 10, phenol and phenolate are in approximately 1:1 proportions. The phenoxide anion (aka phenolate ) is a strong nucleophile with a comparable to the one of carbanions or tertiary amines. [ 3 ]
The simplest is phenol, C 6 H 5 OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. Phenol – the simplest of the phenols Chemical structure of salicylic acid, the active metabolite of aspirin. Phenols are both synthesized industrially and produced by plants and ...
Thiophenol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C 6 H 5 SH, sometimes abbreviated as PhSH. This foul-smelling colorless liquid is the simplest aromatic thiol.The chemical structures of thiophenol and its derivatives are analogous to phenols, where the oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the aromatic ring in phenol is replaced by a sulfur atom.
Phenolphthalein's pH sensitivity is exploited in other applications: concrete has naturally high pH due to the calcium hydroxide formed when Portland cement reacts with water. As the concrete reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, pH decreases to 8.5–9. When a 1% phenolphthalein solution is applied to normal concrete, it turns bright pink.
3-Aminophenol can be prepared by caustic fusion of 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (i.e. heating with NaOH to 245 °C for 6 hours) [4] or from resorcinol via a substitution reaction with ammonium hydroxide. [5]
The first example of an oxidative phenol coupling in synthetic chemistry can be traced to Julius Löwe’s 1868 synthesis of ellagic acid, accomplished by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid. [ 8 ] In the synthesis of complex organic compounds , oxidative phenol couplings are sometimes employed.