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In C++11 a std::future provides a read-only view. The value is set directly by using a std::promise, or set to the result of a function call using std::packaged_task or std::async. In the Dojo Toolkit's Deferred API as of version 1.5, a consumer-only promise object represents a read-only view. [7]
Methods that make use of await must be declared with the async keyword. In methods that have a return value of type Task<T>, methods declared with async must have a return statement of type assignable to T instead of Task<T>; the compiler wraps the value in the Task<T> generic.
Alternatives are synchronous method invocation and future objects. [4] An example for an application that may make use of AMI is a web browser that needs to display a web page even before all images are loaded. Since method is a special case of procedure, asynchronous method invocation is a special case of asynchronous procedure call.
One subtlety is that the value of a method call ("message") in a cascade is still the ordinary value of the message, not the receiver. This is a problem when you do want the value of the receiver, for example when building up a complex value. This can be worked around by using the special yourself method that simply returns the receiver: [2]
A function that accepts a callback parameter may be designed to call back before returning to its caller which is known as synchronous or blocking. The function that accepts a callback may be designed to store the callback so that it can be called back after returning which is known as asynchronous, non-blocking or deferred.
Asynchronous : It could also use an asynchronous channel which return no result but take arguments. The continuation of an asynchronous pattern runs in a newly spawned thread. A join pattern may be purely asynchronous, provided its continuation is a subroutine and its When clause only lists asynchronous channels. [6]
The data from these papers is summarized in the following table, where the dispatch ratio DR is the average number of methods per generic function; the choice ratio CR is the mean of the square of the number of methods (to better measure the frequency of functions with a large number of methods); [2] [3] and the degree of specialization DoS is ...
[2] The pattern consists of six elements: [3] A proxy, which provides an interface towards clients with publicly accessible methods. An interface which defines the method request on an active object. A list of pending requests from clients. A scheduler, which decides which request to execute next. The implementation of the active object method.