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Tolerable weekly intake (TWI) estimates the amount per unit body weight of a potentially harmful substance or contaminant in food or water that can be ingested over a lifetime without risk of adverse health effects. [1] [2] TWI is generally preceded by "provisional" to indicate insufficient data exists, increasing uncertainty. [3]
All animal tissues require an adequate blood supply for health and life. Poor perfusion (malperfusion), that is, ischemia , causes health problems, as seen in cardiovascular disease , including coronary artery disease , cerebrovascular disease , peripheral artery disease , and many other conditions.
The normal physiological blood flow is antegrade, flowing from the periphery towards the heart, so evidence of an opposite, retrograde flow might indicate a pathology. The presence of a reflux is likewise of note; a reflux, when not isolated in a vein (as simply retrograde), means that the blood flow is bi-directional where once the flow had ...
Often expressed in cm/s. This value is inversely related to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessel and also differs per cross-section, because in normal condition the blood flow has laminar characteristics. For this reason, the blood flow velocity is the fastest in the middle of the vessel and slowest at the vessel wall.
Some mammalian internal organs, including the kidneys and lung, are designed to function within normal blood pressure levels and normal blood volume levels, and blood pressure itself is also affected by changes in blood volume levels. Therefore, maintaining a constant blood volume for mammals is a very important function of the body. [142]
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Internal flows such as cardiovascular blood flow and respiratory airflow, and external flows such as flying and aquatic locomotion (i.e., swimming). Biological fluid Dynamics (or Biofluid Dynamics) involves the study of the motion of biological fluids (e.g. blood flow in arteries, animal flight, fish swimming, etc.).
The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100–130 average 125 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) in men and 90–120 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) in women younger than the age of 40. In children, GFR measured by inulin clearance is 110 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2 ) until 2 years of age in both sexes, and then it progressively decreases.