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Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinomycetia class of bacteria. They all are Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic , growing best under anaerobic conditions. [ 2 ] Actinomyces species may form endospores , and while individual bacteria are rod-shaped , Actinomyces colonies form fungus -like branched networks of hyphae . [ 3 ]
Actinomyces bacteria are generally sensitive to penicillin, which is frequently used to treat actinomycosis. In cases of penicillin allergy, doxycycline is used. Sulfonamides such as sulfamethoxazole may be used as an alternative regimen at a total daily dosage of 2–4 grams. Response to therapy is slow and may take months.
Actinomycetota-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide, tetracyclines, etc. [citation needed] Actinomycetota have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA. [21] The G+C content of Actinomycetota can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low G+C content. [22]
Actinomyces israelii is a species of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria within the genus Actinomyces. Known to live commensally on and within humans, A. israelii is an opportunistic pathogen and a cause of actinomycosis .
Schaalia turicensis (formerly Actinomyces turicensis) is a Gram-positive bacterium found in the flora of the oral cavity, gut, skin, and female urogenital tract. [2] S. turicensis is an important human pathogen of soft tissue infections in the lower body. [3] S. turicensis is a facultative anaerobe, growing in air and CO 2 conditions.
Actinomycosis is pathognomonic for abscesses containing "sulfur" granules, and its colonies appear basophilic with club-shaped reaction products on a histological preparation. [6] [7] Lumpy jaw is commonly treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics with varying success, [8] and can be a major economic loss for producers in countries where it is ...
Streptomyces antibioticus was discovered by Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff, who named the bacterium Actinomyces antibioticus. [2] In their 1941 publication, Waksman and Woodruff describe their use of the "bacterial-agar plate method", in which they mixed a suspension of E. coli with washed agar containing 1.5% NaCl and 0.5% K 3 PO 4. [2]
Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis. [3] A related compound, clindamycin, is derived from lincomycin by using thionyl chloride to replace the 7-hydroxy group with a chlorine atom with inversion of chirality. [4] It was released for medical use in September 1964. [5]