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The zigzag product was introduced by Reingold, Vadhan & Wigderson (2000). When the zig-zag product was first introduced, it was used for the explicit construction of constant degree expanders and extractors. Later on, the zig-zag product was used in computational complexity theory to prove that symmetric logspace and logspace are equal ...
A palatal expander Upper and lower jaw functional expanders. A palatal expander is a device in the field of orthodontics which is used to widen the upper jaw [1] so that the bottom and upper teeth will fit together better. [2] [3] This is a common orthodontic procedure. The use of an expander is most common in children and adolescents 8–18 ...
Salil Vadhan is an American computer scientist. He is Vicky Joseph Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. [1] After completing his undergraduate degree in Mathematics and Computer Science at Harvard in 1995, he obtained his PhD in Applied Mathematics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1999, where his advisor was Shafi Goldwasser. [2]
Tooth supported expanders allow the forces to be applied directly to the teeth of maxillary arch instead of the tissue. The most common tooth-borne expander is known as the Hyrax (hygienic rapid expander) or Biedermann appliance. This appliance was developed by Bidermann.
Whatever the purpose, orthodontic headgear works by exerting tension on the braces via hooks, a facebow, coils, elastic bands, metal orthodontic bands, and other attachable appliances directly into the patient's mouth. It is most effective for children and teenagers because their jaws are still developing and can be easily manipulated.
Orthognathic surgery (/ ˌ ɔːr θ ə ɡ ˈ n æ θ ɪ k /), also known as corrective jaw surgery or simply jaw surgery, is surgery designed to correct conditions of the jaw and lower face related to structure, growth, airway issues including sleep apnea, TMJ disorders, malocclusion problems primarily arising from skeletal disharmonies, and other orthodontic dental bite problems that cannot ...
Zig Zag (Max Kasch) Photo cred: YouTube/Twitter. The Warden (Sigourney Weaver) Photo cred: YouTube/Getty. Mr. Sir (Jon Voight) Photo cred: YouTube/Getty. Dr. Pendanski (Tim Blake Nelson)
Ill-fitting dental fillings, crowns, appliances, retainers, or braces as well as misalignment of jaw fractures after a severe injury are also known to cause crowding. [26] Tumors of the mouth and jaw, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifier use beyond age three, and prolonged use of a bottle have also been identified.