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  2. Civil service reform in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in...

    Second, the Pendleton Act required entrance exams for aspiring bureaucrats. [13] At first it covered very few jobs but there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs to civil service. Political reformers, typified by the Mugwumps demanded an end to the spoils system. After a ...

  3. Political science in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science_in_the...

    Political science has a long tradition within the United States, and has played a role that has been described as "hegemonic" within the discipline. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Individuals from the country have made a disproportionate contribution upon current research.

  4. Merit system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_system

    The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. [1] It is the opposite of the spoils system .

  5. Political philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy

    Political philosophy is a branch of philosophy, [1] but it has also played a major part in political science, within which a strong focus has historically been placed on both the history of political thought and contemporary political theory (from normative political theory to various critical approaches).

  6. Political polarization in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_polarization_in...

    Instead, liberals and independents report different levels of trust in science. The COVID-19 pandemic brought these differences front and center, with partisanship often being an indicator of how a citizen saw the gravity of the crisis. In the early stages of the pandemic, Republican governors often went against the advice of infectious disease ...

  7. Civil control of the military - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_control_of_the_military

    Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown.While the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff acts as the highest-ranking and most senior military officer in the United States Armed Forces, the civilian Secretary of Defense acts as the highest-ranking and most senior position within the Department of Defense.

  8. Exam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exam

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 January 2025. Educational assessment For other uses, see Exam (disambiguation) and Examination (disambiguation). Cambodian students taking an exam in order to apply for the Don Bosco Technical School of Sihanoukville in 2008 American students in a computer fundamentals class taking an online test in ...

  9. Marx's theory of the state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx's_theory_of_the_state

    The political state everywhere needs the guarantee of spheres lying outside it. [ 1 ] He as yet was saying nothing about the abolition of private property, does not express a developed theory of class, and "the solution [he offers] to the problem of the state/civil society separation is a purely political solution, namely universal suffrage."