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Atmospheric lidar. Atmospheric lidar is a class of instruments that uses laser light to study atmospheric properties from the ground up to the top of the atmosphere. Such instruments have been used to study, among other, atmospheric gases, aerosols, clouds, and temperature.
Lidar instruments fitted to aircraft and satellites carry out surveying and mapping – a recent example being the U.S. Geological Survey Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar. [25] NASA has identified lidar as a key technology for enabling autonomous precision safe landing of future robotic and crewed lunar-landing vehicles.
Second-harmonic generation. Second-harmonic generation (SHG), also known as frequency doubling, is the lowest-order wave-wave nonlinear interaction that occurs in various systems, including optical, radio, atmospheric, and magnetohydrodynamic systems. [1] As a prototype behavior of waves, SHG is widely used, for example, in doubling laser ...
Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI, pronounced / ˈ dʒ ɛ d aɪ /) is a NASA mission to measure how deforestation has contributed to atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. [1] [2] A full-waveform LIDAR was attached to the International Space Station to provide the first global, high-resolution observations of forest vertical structure.
Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment from the Apollo 11 mission. Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) is the practice of measuring the distance between the surfaces of the Earth and the Moon using laser ranging. The distance can be calculated from the round-trip time of laser light pulses travelling at the speed of light, which are reflected back to Earth by ...
Geological structure measurement by LiDAR technology is a remote sensing method applied in structural geology. It enables monitoring and characterisation of rock bodies. [1] This method's typical use is to acquire high resolution structural and deformational data for identifying geological hazards risk, such as assessing rockfall risks or ...
Coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS pronounced as "scissors") is a form of spectroscopy used primarily in chemistry, physics and related fields. It is closely related to Raman spectroscopy and lasing processes. It is very similar to Raman spectroscopy, but involves a lasing process that dramatically improves the signal.
Speckle imaging and eye testing using speckle also use the speckle effect. Speckle is the chief limitation of coherent lidar and coherent imaging in optical heterodyne detection. In the case of near field speckles, the statistical properties depend on the light scattering distribution of a given sample.