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Cephalopod intelligence. Two-thirds of an octopus's neurons are in the nerve cords of its arms. These are capable of complex reflex actions without input from the brain. [1] Cephalopod intelligence is a measure of the cognitive ability of the cephalopod class of molluscs. Intelligence is generally defined as the process of acquiring, storing ...
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It consists of nervous tissue and is typically located in the head (cephalization), usually near organs for special senses such as vision, hearing and olfaction. Being the most specialized organ, it is responsible for receiving ...
Cephalopods are widely regarded as the most intelligent of the invertebrates and have well developed senses and large brains (larger than those of gastropods). [9] The nervous system of cephalopods is the most complex of the invertebrates [10] [11] and their brain-to-body-mass ratio falls between that of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
The word "invertebrate" comes from the Latin word vertebra, which means a joint in general, and sometimes specifically a joint from the spinal column of a vertebrate. The jointed aspect of vertebra is derived from the concept of turning, expressed in the root verto or vorto, to turn. [5] The prefix in- means "not" or "without".
Evolution of the brain. The evolution of the brain refers to the progressive development and complexity of neural structures over millions of years, resulting in the diverse range of brain sizes and functions observed across different species today, particularly in vertebrates. The evolution of the brain has exhibited diverging adaptations ...
Arthropods (/ ˈɑːrθrəpɒd / ARTH-rə-pod) [22] are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda. They possess an exoskeleton with a cuticle made of chitin, often mineralised with calcium carbonate, a body with differentiated (metameric) segments, and paired jointed appendages. In order to keep growing, they must go through stages of moulting, a ...
The evolution of nervous systems dates back to the first development of nervous systems in animals (or metazoans). Neurons developed as specialized electrical signaling cells in multicellular animals, adapting the mechanism of action potentials present in motile single-celled and colonial eukaryotes. Primitive systems, like those found in ...
Tardigrades are usually about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long when fully grown. [ 2 ] They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or suction disks. [ 2 ][ 15 ] Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates.