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A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is a common event where the heartbeat is initiated by Purkinje fibers in the ventricles rather than by the sinoatrial node. PVCs may cause no symptoms or may be perceived as a "skipped beat" or felt as palpitations in the chest. PVCs do not usually pose any danger. [1]
An ectopic beat can be further classified as either a premature ventricular contraction (PVC), or a premature atrial contraction (PAC). [1] Some patients describe this experience as a "flip" or a "jolt" in the chest, or a "heart hiccup", while others report dropped or missed beats.
For example, in ventricular bigeminy, a sinus beat is shortly followed by a premature ventricular contraction (PVC), a pause, another normal beat, and then another PVC. [1] In atrial bigeminy, the other "twin" is a premature atrial contraction (PAC).
Multifocal plane microscopy (MUM), also known as multiplane microscopy or multifocus microscopy, is a form of light microscopy that allows the tracking of the 3D dynamics in live cells at high temporal and spatial resolution by simultaneously imaging different focal planes within the specimen.
[5] In comparison to second-degree atrioventricular block , in first-degree block there is an absence of non-conduction or "dropped beats." In an electrophysiology study , this corresponds to a prolonged A-H interval that shows the time between atrial depolarization and His bundle depolarization near the AV node.
The height of AC component of the photoplethysmogram is proportional to the pulse pressure, the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure in the arteries. As seen in the figure showing premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the PPG pulse for the cardiac cycle with the PVC results in lower amplitude blood pressure and a PPG.
Mutifocal techniques, in particular the multifocal ERG, are used in the diagnosis of ophthalmological diseases. The multifocal technique was developed in the early 1990s in the laboratory of Erich Sutter at the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The 1-ellipse is the circle, and the 2-ellipse is the classic ellipse. Both are algebraic curves of degree 2. For any number n of foci, the n-ellipse is a closed, convex curve. [2]: (p. 90) The curve is smooth unless it goes through a focus. [5]: p.7