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Relativistic rocket means any spacecraft that travels close enough to light speed for relativistic effects to become significant. The meaning of "significant" is a matter of context, but often a threshold velocity of 30% to 50% of the speed of light (0.3 c to 0.5 c ) is used.
This relation can be thought to represent the non-relativistic decomposition of the electromagnetic 4-vector potential. Indeed, a system of point-particle charges moving slowly with respect to the speed of light may be studied in an expansion in v 2 / c 2 {\displaystyle v^{2}/c^{2}} , where v {\displaystyle v} is a typical velocity and c ...
An antimatter rocket is a proposed class of rockets that use antimatter as their power source. There are several designs that attempt to accomplish this goal. The advantage to this class of rocket is that a large fraction of the rest mass of a matter/antimatter mixture may be converted to energy, allowing antimatter rockets to have a far higher energy density and specific impulse than any ...
Given that in general for a closed system with generalized coordinates q i and canonical momenta p i, [3] = =, = =, it is immediate (recalling x 0 = ct, x 1 = x, x 2 = y, x 3 = z and x 0 = −x 0, x 1 = x 1, x 2 = x 2, x 3 = x 3 in the present metric convention) that = = (,) is a covariant four-vector with the three-vector part being the ...
It did not include relativistic effects; It violated the conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum; It was inconsistent in that it gives different galactic orbits for gas and for stars; It did not state how to calculate gravitational lensing from galaxy clusters. By 1984, problems 2 and 3 had been solved by introducing a Lagrangian ...
As it turns out, the only pairs of these properties that lead to self-consistent, nontrivial solutions are 2 & 3, and possibly 1 & 3 or 1 & 4. Accepting properties 1 & 2, along with a weaker condition that 3 be true only asymptotically in the limit ħ →0 (see Moyal bracket ), leads to deformation quantization , and some extraneous information ...
New York: Academic Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-654670-5. OCLC 803152309. Whittaker, E. T. (1999). A treatise on the analytical dynamics of particles and rigid bodies : with an introduction to the problem of three bodies (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35883-3.
The total energy of these electrons is estimated at 5.1 × 10 56 ergs [97] (5.1 × 10 49 joules or 3.2 × 10 68 eV). This is roughly 10 13 times the energy produced in the entire Milky Way in one second, which is estimated at 5 × 10 36 joules. [98] The jet is surrounded by a lower-velocity non-relativistic component.